Detailed Electric Vehicles Glossary • EVreporter

A

• ACIM (Alternating Current Induction Motor): A type of electric motor used in many electric vehicles (EVs). It operates using alternating current (AC) and works by inducing electric currents in a rotor to generate motion. It’s efficient, durable, and doesn’t require brushes like other motors.

• AC Motor: Alternating Current motor, commonly used in electric vehicles for its reliability and efficiency.

• Active Thermal Management: A system in EVs that controls the temperature of the battery, motor, and other critical components to prevent overheating or freezing. It uses cooling systems (like fans or liquid cooling) to maintain the optimal temperature for performance and safety.

• Air-Cooled Battery: A type of battery cooling system in some EVs that uses air (rather than liquids) to cool down the battery. It’s a simpler and lighter system, but less efficient than liquid cooling in high-performance EVs.

• Ampere-hour (Ah) Rating: A unit used to measure the capacity of a battery. It tells you how much electric charge the battery can store and how long it can power an EV before needing a recharge. For example, a 100 Ah battery can supply 1 amp of current for 100 hours or 10 amps for 10 hours.

• Ampere (Amp): The unit of electric current. One ampere equals one coulomb of charge per second.

• Anode: The battery’s positive terminal where electrons enter during discharge.

• Autonomous Driving: A feature allowing EVs to operate without direct human control using sensors and AI.

• Auxiliary Battery – A secondary battery, often 12V, that powers vehicle electronics when the primary battery is not in use.

• Active Thermal Management: A system in EVs that controls the temperature of the battery, motor, and other critical components to prevent overheating or freezing. It uses cooling systems (like fans or liquid cooling) to maintain the optimal temperature for performance and safety.

• Air-Cooled Battery: A type of battery cooling system in some EVs that uses air (rather than liquids) to cool down the battery. It’s a simpler and lighter system, but less efficient than liquid cooling in high-performance EVs.

• Axial Flux Motor – A type of motor with a flat, compact design, offering high power density and efficiency in EVs.

B

• Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV): A vehicle powered entirely by batteries with no combustion engine (e.g., Tesla Model S).

• Battery Capacity: Measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), it indicates how much energy an EV battery can store. For example, a 40 kWh battery can drive an EV about 250-300 km on a full charge, depending on the vehicle.

• Battery Degradation – The loss of battery capacity over time and usage, affecting the vehicle’s range and efficiency.

• Battery Density – Measure of energy storage capacity per unit volume or weight of the battery, affecting the vehicle’s range and weight.

• Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV): A fully electric vehicle with no fuel engine. Examples include the Tata Nexon EV and MG ZS EV.

• Battery Cell: The smallest unit of a battery, similar to a single AA battery but designed for EVs. Cells make up a module, and multiple modules make up a battery pack.

• Battery Composition: Materials like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese affect the battery’s performance and lifespan.

• Battery Heating System (BHS): Keeps the battery at ideal temperatures in cooler climates, essential for maintaining battery life and charging speed.

• Battery Module: A set of grouped battery cells for efficient energy storage and stability. Multiple modules make up a battery pack.

• Battery Pack: The complete set of battery cells and modules that power an EV, enclosed in a single casing.

• Battery Chemistry (Li-Ion, NMC, LFP): Different types of battery chemistries. Li-Ion is a general term, NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) is a specific lithium-ion chemistry known for high energy density, and LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate) offers better safety and longer cycle life but lower energy density.

• Battery Cycle Life: The number of complete charge and discharge cycles a battery can undergo before its capacity drops to a certain level, typically 80% of its original capacity.

• Battery Swap – A system where depleted EV batteries can be quickly swapped with fully charged ones at specialized stations, reducing downtime.

• Battery Management System (BMS): A system that manages the battery’s performance, ensuring it operates safely by monitoring temperature, voltage, current, and state of charge.

• Battery Monitoring Systems (BMS): Refers to the system that tracks and monitors individual cells in the battery to optimize its performance and health, a crucial function in EVs.

• Brushless DC Motor (BLDC) – A type of motor that uses permanent magnets and electronic controllers, widely used in EVs for its high efficiency and low maintenance.

• Battery Pack Configuration: The arrangement of battery cells into packs, considering factors like voltage, capacity, and form factor, tailored to meet the power and space requirements of the vehicle.

• Bidirectional Charging: A charging system that allows energy to flow both ways – from the grid to the vehicle and from the vehicle back to the grid, enabling vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications.

• Battery Recycling – Process of reclaiming materials from used EV batteries, critical for sustainability and resource conservation.

C

• Charging Station – Infrastructure where EVs can be charged with electricity, available as AC (slow) or DC (fast) stations.

• Combined Charging System (CCS) – A widely used fast-charging standard that supports both AC and DC charging in a single port.

• Charging Port – The physical connection point on an EV where the charging cable plugs in.

• Cell – The smallest unit in a battery pack, producing electricity from chemical reactions; multiple cells make up a battery pack.

• Current (C) – The flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A), important in determining charging speed and power delivery.

• Charger – A device that supplies electric power to the EV’s battery, either onboard (inside the vehicle) or offboard (external).

• Cooling System – A system to regulate the temperature of EV components like the battery, motor, and electronics to prevent overheating.

• Cycle Life – The number of complete charge-discharge cycles a battery can handle before its capacity significantly degrades.

• CAN Bus (Controller Area Network) – A communication network that allows different electronic components in an EV to exchange data without a central computer.

• Charging Rate – The speed at which an EV’s battery charges, typically measured in kW; affects how long it takes to recharge.

• Charge Point Operator (CPO) – A company or entity responsible for operating and maintaining EV charging stations.

• Cathode – The positive electrode in a battery cell where electrons re-enter during discharge; it affects the battery’s capacity and lifespan.

• Cathode Material – Materials used in the cathode, such as lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM), influencing battery performance.

• CHAdeMO – A DC fast-charging standard developed in Japan; allows rapid charging but is less common than CCS in new models.

• Constant Current Charging – A charging method where the current is kept constant while the voltage varies, typically in the initial stage of charging.

• Constant Voltage Charging – A charging method where the voltage is held steady while the current decreases, often in the later stages of charging.

• Charging Infrastructure – The network of chargers, stations, and support systems to facilitate EV charging.

• Cruise Control – System allowing drivers to maintain a set speed, often enhanced in EVs with adaptive and regenerative braking features.

• Current Limiter – Device that limits the electric current flow to protect EV components during charging or discharge.

• Charge Management System – System that monitors and controls charging to optimize battery health and grid compatibility.

• Charging Curve – The characteristic graph showing how an EV battery charges over time, typically fast at the beginning and slower as it nears full.

• Cabin Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) – System for temperature control inside an EV; efficient HVAC systems can reduce battery drain.

• Capacitor – A component used to store and release energy quickly, sometimes used in EVs for regenerative braking systems.

• Combined Heat and Power (CHP) – A system that generates electricity and useful heat simultaneously; relevant for energy management in charging infrastructure.

• Carbon Footprint – The total greenhouse gas emissions produced by an EV over its lifecycle, from manufacturing to disposal.

• Cycle Count: The number of complete charge-discharge cycles a battery can undergo before its capacity significantly degrades.

• Charging Protocol – A set of standards and procedures that govern how EVs interact with charging stations, ensuring compatibility and safety.

• Cell Balancing – Process of equalizing the charge level of individual cells in a battery pack to maximize performance and lifespan.

• Cost of Ownership – Total cost of owning and operating an EV, including purchase, maintenance, charging, and depreciation.

• Charge State (SOC) – State of Charge, representing the current energy level of the battery as a percentage of its capacity.

• Charging Efficiency – The ratio of energy added to the battery to the energy drawn from the grid, representing charging effectiveness.

• CPO (Charge Point Operator): A company or organization responsible for the operation and management of electric vehicle charging stations, ensuring their availability, maintenance, and integration with payment systems for users.

D

• DC (Direct Current): Electric current flowing in one direction, typically used for battery power in EVs.

• Depth of Discharge (DoD): Percentage of a battery’s capacity that has been used relative to its total capacity.

• DC-DC Converter: A device that converts DC voltage from one level to another, used in EVs to manage power distribution.

• DC Fast Charger (DCFC): A charger that provides high-speed charging for electric vehicles by delivering DC power directly to the battery.

• Direct Drive: A drivetrain system where the motor is directly connected to the wheels, without a transmission.

• Differential Gear: A mechanical component in vehicles that allows the wheels to rotate at different speeds, especially when turning.

• Discharge Capacity: The amount of energy a battery can provide during discharge, usually measured in ampere-hours (Ah) or watt-hours (Wh).

E

• EVSE (Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment): The equipment providing electricity for EV charging.

• Electric Motor: Powers the EV by converting electrical energy into motion, offering a quieter, more efficient alternative to fuel engines. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)Induction Motor (IM), Brushless DC Motor (BLDC), Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM), Axial Flux Motor

• EV Charging Connector: The plug connecting an EV to a charger. In India, CCS2 and CHAdeMO connectors are common.

• EV Fleets : refer to a group of electric vehicles (EVs) that are owned, managed, or operated by a single organization, business, or government entity. These fleets are typically used for commercial purposes, including transportation, delivery services, or public services, and are powered by electric rather than conventional internal combustion engines.

• Electric Vehicle (EV): A vehicle powered by an electric motor. This broad category includes BEVs, hybrids, and plug-in hybrids.

• Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV): Primarily runs on electricity but has a fuel engine as a backup. Unlike hybrids, the engine doesn’t drive the wheels directly.

• Electric Power Control Unit (EPCU): Combines the inverter, low-voltage DC-DC converter, and vehicle control unit for efficient EV system management.

F

• Fast Charging: Rapid charging using DC chargers, e.g., a DC fast charger can charge an MG ZS EV to 80% in around 40 minutes.

• Frunk: The storage space in the front of some EVs due to the absence of a traditional engine. Short for “front trunk.”

• Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) – An EV that uses hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity for propulsion.

• Full Hybrid (FHEV) – A hybrid vehicle capable of running on both the combustion engine and electric motor, either separately or together.

• Flux – The flow of magnetic fields in an electric motor, essential for creating rotational motion.

• Friction Braking – Traditional braking method using brake pads and rotors, often supplemented in EVs by regenerative braking.

• Frequency Inverter – Device that controls the speed of an AC motor by adjusting the frequency of the power supply.

• Float Charging – A charging method that keeps a fully charged battery at a constant voltage to prevent overcharging.

• Fleet Electrification – Transitioning a fleet of vehicles from internal combustion engines to electric power, often used in public transportation or delivery services.

• Form Factor – The shape and size configuration of battery cells (e.g., cylindrical, prismatic, pouch) used in EV battery packs.

• Footprint – Refers to the environmental impact or space requirements of an EV; commonly used in discussions of carbon footprint.

• Flywheel Energy Storage – System that stores energy mechanically in a spinning flywheel, potentially usable for regenerative braking systems in EVs.

• Forced Induction – A method (like turbocharging) to increase an engine’s efficiency, used in hybrid EVs but uncommon in full EVs.

• Full Self-Driving (FSD) – Term for advanced autonomous driving capability; Tesla’s FSD system is one of the most well-known.

• Fault Detection – A feature in EVs for identifying and diagnosing electrical or mechanical issues in real-time.

• Functional Safety – Safety systems in EVs designed to prevent hazards due to electrical or electronic failures.

• Field-Oriented Control (FOC) – Control technique used to optimize the performance and efficiency of electric motors.

• Final Drive Ratio – Gear ratio between the transmission output and the wheels, affecting speed and torque in EVs.

• Fast-Fill Charging – Alternative term for fast charging, especially in the context of rapidly replenishing energy.

• Fuel Economy – Measurement of energy efficiency in hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles; for EVs, it’s typically measured in miles per kWh.

• Fixed Gear Transmission – Transmission without variable gearing; many EVs use a single fixed gear to simplify power delivery.

G

• Green Plate: A special license plate for EVs, promoting environmentally friendly vehicles.

• Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) – The process of transferring electricity from the power grid to an EV for charging.

• Gigafactory – A large-scale battery manufacturing facility, typically focused on EV batteries; popularized by Tesla’s Gigafactories.

• Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) – The maximum allowable weight of a vehicle, including its own weight and the weight of passengers, cargo, and fuel or battery.

• Gear Reduction – A mechanism that reduces the motor’s high-speed rotation into a lower speed with more torque, often used in EV drivetrains.

• Grid Impact – The effect that EV charging has on the electrical grid, especially during peak demand times.

• Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) – Emissions produced over an EV’s lifecycle, from manufacturing to disposal, used to measure environmental impact.

• Gravimetric Energy Density – The amount of energy a battery can store per unit of mass, usually measured in Wh/kg; crucial for EV range and efficiency.

• Ground Clearance – The distance between the lowest point of the vehicle and the ground; affects off-road capability and aerodynamics.

• Grid Parity – The point at which alternative energy sources, like solar, produce electricity at a cost equal to or lower than that from the grid.

• Grid Stabilization – Using EVs and battery storage to balance demand and supply on the electrical grid, often through bidirectional charging.

• Geofencing – Technology that uses GPS to create virtual geographic boundaries; used in EVs for location-based features like speed regulation or eco-modes.

• Gradeability – The ability of an EV to climb inclines, is important for performance in hilly areas.

• Graphene Battery – An emerging battery technology that uses graphene, offering higher energy density and faster charging potential than conventional lithium-ion batteries.

• Global Warming Potential (GWP) – Measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere; used to assess the climate impact of EV components.

• Grid-Connected Charger – An EV charger directly connected to the grid, allowing for controlled, monitored charging and often V2G capabilities.

• Gradient – The incline level or slope a vehicle is capable of climbing, relevant for assessing EV performance on hills.

• Graphite Anode – A common type of anode in lithium-ion batteries used in EVs, valued for its stability and performance.

• G-Force – The force of gravity or acceleration experienced by EV passengers, often felt during rapid acceleration or deceleration.

• Generation Capacity – The total power output available for EV charging from a power source, like a solar or wind farm.

• Grid-Scale Battery Storage – Large batteries used to store energy at the grid level; helps manage renewable energy fluctuations and supports EV infrastructure.

H

• HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle): A vehicle that uses both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, with the ability to recharge the battery through regenerative braking or the engine.

• High-Voltage Battery: A battery with a voltage higher than typical 12V systems, often used in electric and hybrid vehicles to power the motor and other high-power components.

• Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology: A technology that generates electricity by combining hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell, producing water as a byproduct, and is used in hydrogen-powered vehicles.

• Heat Dissipation Mechanism: The system or process used to remove excess heat from a component (like a battery or motor) to maintain safe operating temperatures and prevent damage.

• Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) – A vehicle that uses both an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.

• High Voltage (HV) – The electrical voltage used in EVs to power the motor and other high-energy components, typically 400V or higher.

• Heat Pump – A device used in some EVs for heating and cooling the cabin by transferring heat from the outside environment, offering more energy efficiency than traditional heating systems.

• High-Efficiency Motor – An electric motor designed to maximize energy conversion and reduce power losses, commonly used in EVs for greater range and performance.

• Homologation – The process of certifying an EV to meet regulatory standards before it can be sold or used on public roads.

• Hybrid Powertrain – The combination of both an electric motor and a gasoline or diesel engine in a hybrid vehicle.

• Hydraulic Regenerative Braking – A braking system that uses hydraulic force to capture energy during braking and convert it back into electricity, usually seen in commercial EVs.

• Hexagonal Battery Pack – A battery design where cells are arranged in a hexagonal pattern, which optimizes space utilization in the battery pack.

• High-Performance EV – A category of electric vehicles designed for superior speed, acceleration, and handling, often used in sports or luxury models.

• Hertz (Hz) – A unit of frequency, used to measure the alternating current (AC) in electric motors and chargers.

• Hydrogen Storage – The process of storing hydrogen fuel, often in high-pressure tanks, used in hydrogen-powered vehicles like FCVs.

• Home Charging Station – A charging unit installed at a residence, allowing EV owners to recharge their vehicle at home using standard AC or fast charging options.

• Heat Recovery – A system in EVs that captures waste heat from components like the battery and motor to improve efficiency or heat the cabin.

• Head-Up Display (HUD) – A transparent display that shows key information (such as speed and battery level) on the windshield, keeping the driver focused on the road.

• Haptic Feedback – Technology used in EVs to provide tactile responses to the driver, such as through the steering wheel or pedals, to indicate changes in driving modes or road conditions.

• Heat Shield – A protective barrier designed to shield sensitive EV components (such as the battery or motor) from excessive heat.

• Hub Motor: A motor integrated directly into the wheel hub, allowing direct drive without gears or transmission. Hub motors are often used in smaller electric vehicles, as they simplify the drivetrain and reduce mechanical complexity. Examples: Common in electric bicycles, scooters (e.g., Ola S1, Bajaj Chetak), and some low-speed electric cars, particularly in urban or personal mobility applications.

I

• Inverter: A device that converts DC (direct current) from the battery into AC (alternating current) to power the electric motor in an EV.

• Internal Resistance (Battery): The resistance within a battery that causes energy loss as heat and affects its efficiency and charge/discharge rates.

• Instantaneous Torque: The immediate rotational force produced by the motor at any given moment, crucial for vehicle acceleration and responsiveness.

• Inductive Charging (Wireless Charging): A method of charging where power is transferred wirelessly through electromagnetic fields, eliminating the need for physical connectors.

• Induction Motor – A type of electric motor commonly used in EVs, where electricity induces a magnetic field in the rotor without the need for permanent magnets or brushes.

• Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) – The traditional engine type found in most non-electric vehicles that burns fuel (like gasoline or diesel) to create power.

• Ion – An electrically charged atom or molecule; lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in EVs to store energy.

• Integrated Charging System – A system in EVs that combines various charging functions, including power electronics and control systems, to enable efficient charging.

• Intelligent Charging – Charging systems that use real-time data and algorithms to optimize charging times and energy use, often in relation to the grid’s demand.

• In-Wheel Motor – A motor located in the wheels of an EV, providing direct propulsion and potentially improving vehicle handling and energy efficiency.

• Isolation Resistance – A measure of the electrical resistance between a vehicle’s high-voltage components and the ground, crucial for ensuring safety.

• Inductive Charging – A wireless charging technology that uses electromagnetic fields to transfer energy between a charging pad and the vehicle’s battery.

• Intelligent Transport System (ITS) – A system that uses technology to optimize the management and operation of transportation networks, often integrating EVs for better traffic flow and energy use.

• Impedance – The total opposition to the flow of electric current in an electrical circuit, which is an important factor in motor and battery performance.

• Integrated Powertrain – A powertrain system where the motor, battery, and inverter are designed to work together as a cohesive unit for optimized performance.

• Instantaneous Charging – A future concept where EVs could charge almost instantly, reducing charging times to near zero.

• Incremental Charging – A charging strategy that gradually increases the battery charge level over time rather than charging it all at once, to enhance battery lifespan.

• Internal Battery Management System (BMS) – A system within the battery pack that monitors and manages the individual cells, ensuring they operate within safe and efficient parameters.

• Intelligent Energy Management – The use of AI and smart systems to optimize energy consumption in EVs, including managing how energy is distributed between components like the motor and battery.

• Inductive Battery – A battery charging method using induction, similar to inductive charging, but designed to work without direct physical connectors.

• Interface – The communication system between the EV’s internal components, like the motor and battery, and external devices like the charger or vehicle-to-grid systems.

• Impact Resistance – The ability of an EV’s body and components to withstand physical impacts, especially for the protection of batteries and critical electronics.

K

• Kilowatt (kW): A unit of power equal to 1,000 watts, commonly used to measure the output of engines or the power consumption of electrical devices.

• Kilowatt-hour (kWh): A unit of energy representing the consumption of 1 kilowatt of power over one hour, often used to measure the capacity or usage of batteries.

• Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS): A system used in vehicles, particularly in motorsports, to recover energy from braking (kinetic energy) and store it for later use, enhancing efficiency.

L

• Low Voltage DC-DC Converter (LDC): Converts high-voltage battery output to low voltage for vehicle electronics.

• Lithium-Ion Battery – A type of rechargeable battery commonly used in electric vehicles due to its high energy density, long lifespan, and lightweight nature.

• Level 1 Charging – The slowest type of EV charging, typically using a standard 120V AC household outlet.

• Level 2 Charging – A faster EV charging option using a 240V AC outlet, typically found at public charging stations or installed at home.

• Level 3 Charging (DC Fast Charging) – A high-speed EV charging method that uses DC (direct current) to charge the battery much faster than Level 1 or Level 2, typically found at public charging stations.

• Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) – A type of lithium-ion battery chemistry known for its safety and stability, often used in some EVs and electric buses.

• Low Voltage (LV) – Electrical systems that operate at lower voltage levels, typically below 100V, used in components like lights, infotainment, and accessories in EVs.

• Load Profile – The variation in electrical demand over time, which can impact EV charging, especially during peak demand periods.

• Liquid Cooling – A cooling method used in EV batteries to maintain temperature control, improving efficiency and longevity by circulating coolant around the battery pack.

• Limited Slip Differential (LSD) – A mechanical system that helps distribute power between wheels, enhancing traction and stability, especially in EVs with high torque.

• LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate) – A type of lithium-ion battery chemistry with a focus on safety, durability, and longer cycle life, often used in lower-cost EVs and energy storage systems.

• Low Rolling Resistance Tires – Tires designed to reduce friction between the tire and the road, improving energy efficiency and extending the driving range of EVs.

• Line-Start Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (LS-PMSM) – A type of motor used in some EVs that combines the benefits of a permanent magnet motor and the ability to start directly from the line, improving efficiency.

• Lithium Polymer (LiPo) – A type of lithium battery technology that is lighter and more flexible than traditional lithium-ion batteries but generally less common in automotive applications.

• Low-Speed Vehicle (LSV) – A type of electric vehicle designed for low-speed urban or recreational use, often limited to 25-35 mph, and commonly used in golf courses or gated communities.

• Lane Departure Warning (LDW) – A safety feature found in many modern EVs that alerts the driver if the vehicle unintentionally drifts out of its lane.

• Lateral Acceleration – The force experienced by a vehicle when it changes direction, important for understanding vehicle handling, especially in EVs with high torque.

• Linear Motor – A type of motor that generates motion in a straight line, used in some advanced EV technologies, such as linear induction motors in maglev trains or specific EV components.

• Low Emissions – Refers to the lower environmental impact of EVs compared to internal combustion engine vehicles, with significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions.

• Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) – A type of lithium-ion battery chemistry used in some electric vehicles, known for better thermal stability and safety.

M

• Motor Power: Measured in kW, indicating the strength of the electric motor. For example, high-performance EVs may have motors with over 200 kW.

• Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle (MHEV): Primarily an internal combustion engine vehicle with support from a small electric motor, unable to operate on battery power alone.

• Miles per Kilowatt-hour (mpkWh): A measure of EV efficiency, showing how power output translates into distance traveled.

• Magnetic Levitation (MagLev): A technology that uses magnetic forces to lift and propel vehicles, typically used in high-speed trains, eliminating friction between the vehicle and track.

• Maximum Charging Voltage: The highest voltage to which a battery can be safely charged, ensuring it does not get damaged.

• Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT): A technique used in solar and electric vehicle systems to optimize energy transfer by continuously adjusting the maximum power point of the solar panels or battery.

• Motor Efficiency: A measure of how effectively an electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, with higher efficiency resulting in less energy loss.

• Motor Controller Unit (MCU): An electronic unit that controls the operation of the electric motor by adjusting the power and speed based on inputs from the vehicle’s system.

N

• Nominal Voltage – The standard voltage rating of a battery or an electric system. For EV batteries, it represents the average voltage level under normal operation.

• NCM (Nickel Cobalt Manganese) – A type of lithium-ion battery chemistry used in electric vehicles, known for its high energy density and balance of power, performance, and safety.

• NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminum) – Another type of lithium-ion battery chemistry commonly used in EVs, especially in Tesla vehicles, known for its high energy density and longer range.

• Network Charging – A system of interconnected EV charging stations, allowing drivers to easily find and access charging points via apps or navigation systems.

• Nominal Capacity – The typical energy capacity of a battery under normal operating conditions, usually expressed in kilowatt-hours (kWh).

• Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH) – A term used to describe the level of noise, vibration, and harshness in a vehicle. EVs are generally quieter, but NVH is still an important consideration for comfort.

• Nondestructive Testing (NDT) – Methods used to inspect and test EV components (like batteries or motors) for faults without causing damage, ensuring reliability and safety.

• No-Load Current – The current drawn by an electric motor when it is running without any load (i.e., no external resistance or torque), used for efficiency and performance analysis.

• NiMH (Nickel-Metal Hydride) – A type of rechargeable battery used in some hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) before the rise of lithium-ion batteries.

• Networked Charging Infrastructure – Charging stations connected to a central system that allows users to find, use, and pay for charging services via apps or cards.

• Navigation System – A system integrated into many EVs that provides real-time location data and helps users find charging stations and optimize driving routes for efficiency.

• Negative Electrode (Anode) – The part of a battery where oxidation occurs during discharge. In EV batteries, it plays a key role in storing energy during charging.

• Nocturnal Charging – Charging an EV overnight, typically when the vehicle is not in use, taking advantage of off-peak electricity rates.

• Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) – A vehicle powered by compressed natural gas (CNG), not electric, but sometimes considered a lower-emission alternative to gasoline or diesel vehicles.

• Nanomaterials – Advanced materials used in the development of batteries and other EV components for improving performance, longevity, and efficiency.

• Non-Recurring Engineering (NRE) – One-time engineering costs related to the design and development of EV components or systems, such as custom electric powertrains.

• Noise Control – Technologies and design strategies used in EVs to minimize the sound emitted by components like motors and wind resistance, enhancing cabin comfort.

• Navigation-Based Charging Optimization – A smart feature in some EVs that helps optimize charging by recommending the best charging stations based on the vehicle’s route or driving behavior.

• New Energy Vehicles (NEV) – A broad category encompassing electric vehicles (EVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs).

• Neutral-to-Ground Voltage: The voltage difference between the neutral point of an electrical system and the ground, is important for safety and system stability in electrical circuits.

• NEDC (New European Driving Cycle): A driving cycle used to assess the fuel efficiency and emissions of vehicles in Europe. It was a standardized test but has been criticized for not reflecting real-world driving conditions due to its overly optimistic scenarios.

O

• On-Board Charger (OBC): An EV component that converts AC from a wall outlet to DC for battery charging.

• On-board Diagnostics (OBD): A system in vehicles that monitors and reports on the performance of the engine and other critical systems, helping diagnose issues and ensure compliance with emission standards.

• OCPP (Open Charge Point Protocol): A communication protocol used for the interaction between electric vehicle chargers (charge points) and central systems, enabling standardized charging infrastructure management.

• Operating Temperature Range (Battery): The range of temperatures within which a battery can operate efficiently and safely without degradation of performance or safety risks.

• Overcurrent Protection: A safety mechanism that prevents electrical circuits from carrying more current than they can handle, protecting components from damage due to excessive current flow.

• Over-the-Air (OTA) Updates – A method of wirelessly updating the software of electric vehicles, allowing manufacturers to improve vehicle functionality and fix issues remotely.

• Off-Board Charging – Charging systems that are external to the vehicle, such as public charging stations, which provide power to charge the EV battery.

• Overcurrent Protection – A safety mechanism that prevents electrical systems, such as an EV battery or charging equipment, from being damaged by excessive current.

• Onboard Energy Management System (BMS) – A system within the EV that monitors and manages the battery’s performance, ensuring efficient energy use and protecting against overcharging or discharging.

• Out-of-Home Charging – Charging an electric vehicle at locations other than home, such as public charging stations, workplaces, or retail locations.

• Optimal Charging – The process of charging an EV’s battery in a way that maximizes its lifespan and efficiency, often using smart charging systems or scheduling to avoid peak grid demand.

• On-Demand Charging – Charging services that are available at the user’s request, often through mobile apps that help drivers locate charging stations nearby.

• Overvoltage Protection – A safety feature in EV charging systems that prevents damage to the vehicle’s battery by limiting the voltage supplied to the battery during charging.

• Overload Protection – A mechanism that safeguards the EV’s electrical system by shutting down or reducing power when the system is overloaded, preventing component damage.

• Optimum Charging Curve – A battery charging profile designed to deliver the most efficient and safe charge, minimizing wear on the battery while maximizing its lifespan.

• Onboard Diagnostics (OBD) – A system in EVs that monitors the vehicle’s performance, detecting issues and allowing technicians to diagnose problems through a diagnostic tool.

• Overtime Charging – Refers to charging an EV for longer than necessary, which could lead to inefficient charging and battery wear if the vehicle is not managed properly.

• Off-Peak Charging – Charging an EV during times of low electricity demand, typically at night, which can be more cost-effective and reduce strain on the grid.

• Open-Loop Control – A type of control system used in EVs, where the output is not fed back to adjust the input, typically used in simpler systems like motor speed control.

• Out-of-Range – A term used when an EV’s battery charge is insufficient to reach the intended destination or charging station.

• On-Demand Charging Service – A service that provides mobile or stationary EV chargers that can be deployed at a location based on user requests, often through apps.

• Overheat Protection – A feature that protects EV batteries and motors from overheating during use or charging by limiting power output or activating cooling systems.

P

• Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM): A type of electric motor that uses permanent magnets to produce a magnetic field, providing high efficiency and power density, commonly used in electric vehicles.

• Power Electronics: Electronic systems that control and convert electrical power in vehicles, such as inverters, converters, and chargers, to manage power flow and optimize efficiency.

• Passive Thermal Management: Methods of controlling temperature in a system without external energy input, typically through heat sinks, natural convection, or insulating materials to dissipate heat.

• Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV): A vehicle that combines a conventional internal combustion engine with an electric motor and a rechargeable battery that can be plugged in to charge.

• Power Losses (Parasitic Losses): Energy lost due to inefficiencies in components, such as motors or batteries, which are not fully converted into usable power, often as heat.

• Peak Power Output: The maximum amount of power an electric motor or system can produce in a short period, usually measured in kilowatts (kW).

R

• Runtime Charging: Charging the EV while it is in operation, typically using a fuel cell or range extender.

• Range Anxiety: Fear that an EV will run out of charge before reaching a charging station, especially on long trips.

• Range per Hour (RPH): Indicates charging speed by measuring distance added per hour of charging, depending on vehicle design.

• Range Extender: A secondary power source, such as a small internal combustion engine or generator, that recharges the battery in electric vehicles to extend the driving range.

• Regenerative Braking System: A system that recovers energy during braking, converting kinetic energy into electrical energy to recharge the battery, improving overall efficiency.

• Resistance (Internal Resistance in Batteries): The opposition within a battery that limits the flow of current, leading to energy loss as heat and affecting the battery’s performance and efficiency.

• Remote Diagnostics: The ability to monitor and diagnose the health and performance of a vehicle or its components (e.g., battery, motor) remotely, often through telematics or connected systems.

S

• Solid-State Battery: A type of battery that uses a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one, offering higher energy density, safety, and potentially longer life than traditional lithium-ion batteries.

• SoC (State of Charge): The percentage of charge remaining in a battery relative to its total capacity, indicating how much energy is left before recharging is needed.

• SoH (State of Health): A measure of a battery’s overall condition, reflecting its capacity, efficiency, and ability to hold charge over time compared to its original state.

• Self-Discharge Rate: The rate at which a battery loses its charge when not in use, typically due to internal chemical reactions, affecting the battery’s storage efficiency.

• SRM (Switched Reluctance Motor): An electric motor that operates by utilizing the reluctance (magnetic resistance) of the rotor, known for its simplicity and robustness, commonly used in industrial and automotive applications.

• Silicon Anode (Battery Technology): A type of anode material in batteries that uses silicon, which has a higher energy density than traditional graphite anodes, allowing for more powerful and longer-lasting batteries.

T

• Thermal Management: Systems in EVs to regulate temperature in batteries and motors, preventing overheating.

• Torque: A measure of rotational force; in EVs, it determines how quickly the vehicle can accelerate.

• Thermal Runaway: A dangerous condition in batteries where an increase in temperature causes a chemical reaction that leads to further heat generation, potentially resulting in fire or explosion.

• Traction Motor: The electric motor is responsible for driving the wheels of an electric vehicle, converting electrical energy into mechanical energy for propulsion.

• Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): A measure of the distortion in the electrical signal, caused by harmonics, which can reduce efficiency and affect the performance of power electronics, motors, and chargers.

• Total Cost of Ownership (TCO): The complete cost of owning and operating a vehicle over its lifetime, including purchase price, maintenance, fuel, insurance, and other operational costs.

• Torque Vectoring: A technique used in electric and hybrid vehicles to distribute torque to individual wheels or axles for improved handling, stability, and traction, especially in cornering.

U

• Ultra Capacitors: High-capacity capacitors that store energy electrostatically, capable of delivering quick bursts of power, often used in electric vehicles for regenerative braking or fast acceleration.

• Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO): A safety feature in battery systems that disconnects the load or charger when the voltage drops below a certain threshold to protect the battery from damage due to low voltage.

• Unidirectional Charging: A charging method where energy flows only from the power source (e.g., grid) to the vehicle’s battery, without the ability to send energy back to the grid or other systems.

• Ultra-Fast Charging – A type of charging technology that allows for very quick charging times, often providing up to 80% charge in less than 30 minutes.

• Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) – A backup power system that ensures a continuous power supply in case of a failure, often used in EV charging stations to prevent interruptions during the charging process.

• Urban Mobility – The movement of people within urban environments, which electric vehicles are increasingly serving as an eco-friendly transportation solution.

• Utility-Scale Battery Storage – Large-scale battery systems used to store electricity, often paired with renewable energy sources or EV charging stations to stabilize the grid.

• Used EV – A second-hand electric vehicle that has been pre-owned and typically sold at a lower price compared to new EVs.

• Uniform Charging Standards – A set of standardized protocols for electric vehicle charging, ensuring that EVs can use charging stations from different manufacturers without compatibility issues.

• User Interface (UI) – The system that allows drivers and operators to interact with the electric vehicle’s software, including touchscreens, buttons, and voice commands.

• Utility Electric Vehicle – A type of electric vehicle designed for specific utility tasks, such as electric trucks used by power companies or municipalities.

• Underfloor Battery Pack – A battery pack that is integrated into the floor of an electric vehicle to save space and improve stability.

V

• VCU (Vehicle Control Unit): The central control unit in an electric vehicle that manages and coordinates various vehicle systems, including the powertrain, battery management, and energy distribution.

• Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G): A system that allows electric vehicles to send electricity back to the grid, enabling energy storage and supporting grid stability during high demand.

• Vehicle-to-Home (V2H): A technology where electric vehicles can supply power to a home, using the vehicle’s battery as an energy source during power outages or to reduce electricity costs.

• Voltage Sag: A short-term drop in voltage levels in an electrical system, often caused by a sudden increase in load, which can affect the performance of electrical devices, including EVs.

• Variable Frequency Drive (VFD): An electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by adjusting the frequency and voltage supplied to the motor.

W

• Watt (W): A unit of power. EV chargers are rated in kilowatts (kW), which impacts charging speed.

• Wireless Charging: Charging without a physical plug through an electromagnetic field. Currently, this technology is still experimental.

• Watt-hours per Kilogram (Wh/kg): A measure of battery energy density relative to weight, important for efficiency and range in EVs.

• Watt-hours per Liter (Wh/L): A measure of energy density relative to volume, important for compact battery designs.

• Watt-hour (Wh): A unit of energy, commonly used to measure battery capacity, representing the amount of energy consumed or stored when using 1 watt of power for 1 hour.

• Watt-hour per Mile (Efficiency): A measure of how efficiently a vehicle uses energy, indicating the amount of energy (in watt-hours) consumed to travel one mile.

• Wireless Charging Pad: A device that uses inductive charging technology to wirelessly charge an electric vehicle by transferring power through electromagnetic fields, eliminating the need for physical connectors.

• WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure): A more recent and globally accepted testing standard that provides more accurate and realistic assessments of a vehicle’s fuel consumption, emissions, and electric range under a variety of driving conditions, replacing the NEDC in many regions.

X

• XEV – A term used to describe a variety of electric vehicles, including Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and other types of electrified vehicles.

• Xtreme EV – A marketing term sometimes used by electric vehicle manufacturers or startups to refer to high-performance electric vehicles designed for extreme conditions or sports applications.

• X-factor in EV design – Refers to a unique feature or aspect of an electric vehicle that differentiates it from others in the market, such as a breakthrough in battery technology, vehicle design, or charging infrastructure.

Z

• Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV): A vehicle that produces no emissions during operation, including pollutants like CO2, NOx, or particulate matter. This typically includes electric vehicles (EVs) and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.

• Zero Tailpipe Emissions: A characteristic of vehicles, such as electric or hydrogen-powered vehicles, that do not emit any pollutants through the exhaust pipe, contributing to cleaner air and reduced environmental impact.

• Zero-Emission Zone (ZEZ) – A designated area where only zero-emission vehicles are allowed to operate, often in city centers or environmentally sensitive regions.

• Zinc-Air Battery – A type of battery that uses zinc and oxygen from the air to generate power, seen as a potential future alternative for EVs due to its high energy density and lower cost.

• Zero Range – The state in which an electric vehicle’s battery is completely depleted, leaving no remaining driving range.

• Zero-Emission Mobility – The movement or shift toward using electric vehicles or hydrogen-powered vehicles, which produce no direct emissions from the vehicle itself.

Also read: A Guide to EV Charging and EV Standards in India